Comparison Analysis Of PSO And SMO - 906 Words

As very few control parameters are required in SMO, so it turns out to be easy to apply it in different complex optimization problems. Now-a-days, SMO is being applied in almost every field and domain of engineering optimization, function optimization, scheduling, image processing, planning, forecasting, feature selection and other real-world applications like lower order system modeling, multi-machine power system based on VSC-HVDC link, cluster based routing protocol Wireless Sensor networks, optimal power flow analysis, optimal reactive power dispatch problem, electromagnetics, diabetes classification, multilevel thresholding segmentation, placement and sizing of capacitors, antenna optimization and many others. SMO is very efficient in†¦show more content†¦In the same year, A. A. Al-Azza, et al. [37] intended to solve electromagnetic problems like linear array antenna synthesis and patch antenna design using SMO in their paper â€Å"Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO): A n ovel optimization technique in Electromagnetics.† The algorithm is used to synthesize the array factor of a linear antenna array and to optimally design a coaxial feeding patch antenna for wireless applications. It was discovered that SMO was equipped to get the best arrangements with few number of trials. In 2016, S.S. Pal, et al. [38] in the paper titled â€Å"Multi-level Thresholding Segmentation Approach Based on Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm† introduced SMO for histogram based bi-level and multi-level segmentation of grey scale images. SMO has likewise been utilized to maximize Kapur’s and Otsu’s objective function. Results delineated that the new segmentation method is able to improve results in terms of optimum threshold values and CPU time when compared to other nature inspired algorithms. T. Gui in 2016 [39] studied the mechanism of SMO in the field of WSNs in the paper â€Å"A Novel Cluster-based Routing Protocol Wireless Sensor Networks using Spider Monkey Optimization.† The study additionally showed the change in traditional routing protocols in term of low-energy consumption and system quality of the network. SMO-C protocol suggested in the paper worked for Wireless sensor networks to minimize global energy consumption. In the same year, H. Wu,Show MoreRelatedSM-Ruleminer : Spider Monkey-Based Rule Miner804 Words   |  4 Pagesfunction for diabetes classification† that SMO can be used to outline an effective rule miner called SM-RuleMiner for diabetes diagnosis. Fitness function was also designed for SM-RuleMiner. On its comparison with other meta-heuristic-based rule mining algorithms, it was found that SM-RuleMiner achieved the best ranking in average sensitivity and the second best ranking in average classification accuracy. The next section gives a brief performance analysis of SMO when compared with other probabilistic

Deception Point Page 103 Free Essays

Unfortunately, Delta-One had seen the complexity of the control panel near the trapdoor-a series of unmarked levers and dials that apparently controlled the trapdoor, the winch motor, and numerous other commands. He had no intention of hitting the wrong lever and risking his partner’s life by mistakenly dropping the sub into the sea. Eliminate all risk. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 103 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Never rush. He would force Tolland to perform the actual release. And to ensure he did not try anything tricky, Delta-One would take out insurance known in his business as â€Å"biological collateral.† Use your adversaries against one another. Delta-One swung the gun barrel directly into Rachel’s face, stopping only inches from her forehead. Rachel closed her eyes, and Delta-One could see Tolland’s fists clench in a protective anger. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, stand up,† Delta-One said. She did. With the gun firmly on her back, Delta-One marched her over to an aluminum set of portable stairs that led up to the top of the Triton sub from behind. â€Å"Climb up and stand on top of the sub.† Rachel looked frightened and confused. â€Å"Just do it,† Delta-One said. Rachel felt like she was moving through a nightmare as she climbed up the aluminum gangway behind the Triton. She stopped at the top, having no desire to step out over the chasm onto the suspended Triton. â€Å"Get on top of the sub,† the soldier said, returning to Tolland and pushing the gun against his head. In front of Rachel the soldier who was in the clamps watched her, shifting in pain, obviously eager to get out. Rachel looked at Tolland, who now had a gun barrel to his head. Get on top of the sub. She had no choice. Feeling like she was edging out onto a precipice overhanging a canyon, Rachel stepped onto the Triton’s engine casing, a small flat section behind the rounded dome window. The entire sub hung like a massive plumb bob over the open trapdoor. Even suspended on its winch cable, the nine-ton sub barely registered her arrival, swinging only a few millimeters as she steadied herself. â€Å"Okay, let’s move,† the soldier said to Tolland. â€Å"Go to the controls and close the trapdoor.† At gunpoint, Tolland began moving toward the control panel with the soldier behind him. As Tolland came toward her, he was moving slowly, and Rachel could feel his eyes fixing hard on her as if trying to send her a message. He looked directly at her and then down at the open hatch on top of the Triton. Rachel glanced down. The hatch at her feet was open, the heavy circular covering propped open. She could see down into the one-seater cockpit. He wants me to get in? Sensing she must be mistaken, Rachel looked at Tolland again. He was almost to the control panel. Tolland’s eyes locked on her. This time he was less subtle. His lips mouthed, â€Å"Jump in! Now!† Delta-One saw Rachel’s motion out of the corner of his eye and wheeled on instinct, opening fire as Rachel fell through the sub’s hatch just below the barrage of bullets. The open hatch covering rang out as the bullets ricocheted off the circular portal, sending up a shower of sparks, and slamming the lid closed on top of her. Tolland, the instant he’d felt the gun leave his back, made his move. He dove to his left, away from the trapdoor, hitting the deck and rolling just as the soldier spun back toward him, gun blazing. Bullets exploded behind Tolland as he scrambled for cover behind the ship’s stern anchor spool-an enormous motorized cylinder around which was wound several thousand feet of steel cable connected to the ship’s anchor. Tolland had a plan and would have to act fast. As the soldier dashed toward him, Tolland reached up and grabbed the anchor lock with both hands, yanking down. Instantly the anchor spool began feeding out lengths of cable, and the Goya lurched in the strong current. The sudden movement sent everything and everyone on the deck staggering sidelong. As the boat accelerated in reverse on the current, the anchor spool doled out cable faster and faster. Come on, baby, Tolland urged. The soldier regained his balance and came for Tolland. Waiting until the last possible moment, Tolland braced himself and rammed the lever back up, locking the anchor spool. The chain snapped taut, stopping the ship short and sending a tremulous shudder throughout the Goya. Everything on deck went flying. The soldier staggered to his knees near Tolland. Pickering fell back from the railing onto the deck. The Triton swung wildly on its cable. A grating howl of failing metal tore up from beneath the ship like an earthquake as the damaged strut finally gave way. The right stern corner of the Goya began collapsing under its own weight. The ship faltered, tilting on a diagonal like a massive table losing one of its four legs. The noise from beneath was deafening-a wail of twisting, grating metal and pounding surf. White-knuckled inside the Triton cockpit, Rachel held on as the nine-ton machine swayed over the trapdoor in the now steeply inclined deck. Through the base of the glass dome she could see the ocean raging below. As she looked up, her eyes scanning the deck for Tolland, she watched a bizarre drama on the deck unfold in a matter of seconds. Only a yard away, trapped in the Triton’s claws, the clamped Delta soldier was howling in pain as he bobbed like a puppet on a stick. William Pickering scrambled across Rachel’s field of vision and grabbed on to a cleat on the deck. Near the anchor lever, Tolland was also hanging on, trying not to slide over the edge into the water. When Rachel saw the soldier with the machine gun stabilizing himself nearby, she called out inside the sub. â€Å"Mike, look out!† But Delta-One ignored Tolland entirely. The soldier was looking back toward the idling helicopter with his mouth open in horror. Rachel turned, following his gaze. The Kiowa gunship, with its huge rotors still turning, had started to slowly slide forward down the tipping deck. Its long metal skids were acting like skis on a slope. It was then that Rachel realized the huge machine was skidding directly toward the Triton. Scrambling up the inclined deck toward the sliding aircraft, Delta-One clambered into the cockpit. He had no intention of letting their only means of escape slide off the deck. Delta-One seized the Kiowa’s controls and heaved back on the stick. Lift off! With a deafening roar, the blades accelerated overhead, straining to lift the heavily armed gunship off the deck. Up, goddamn it! The chopper was sliding directly toward the Triton and Delta-Two suspended in its grasp. With its nose tipped forward, the Kiowa’s blades were also tipped, and when the chopper lurched off the deck, it sailed more forward than up, accelerating toward the Triton like a giant buzz saw. Up! Delta-One pulled the stick, wishing he could drop the half ton of Hellfire warheads weighing him down. The blades just missed the top of Delta-Two’s head and the top of the Triton sub, but the chopper was moving too fast. It would never clear the Triton’s winch cable. As the Kiowa’s 300-rpm steel blades collided with the sub’s fifteen-ton capacity braided steel winch cable, the night erupted with the shriek of metal on metal. The sounds conjured images of epic battle. From the chopper’s armored cockpit, Delta-One watched his rotors tear into the sub’s cable like a giant lawn mower running over a steel chain. A blinding spray of sparks erupted overhead, and the Kiowa’s blades exploded. Delta-One felt the chopper bottom out, its struts hitting the deck hard. He tried to control the aircraft, but he had no lift. The chopper bounded twice down the inclined deck, then slid, crashing into the ship’s guardrail. For a moment, he thought the rail would hold. Then Delta-One heard the crack. The heavily laden chopper listed over the brink, plummeting into the sea. Inside the Triton, Rachel Sexton sat paralyzed, her body pressed back into the sub’s seat. The minisub had been tossed violently as the chopper’s rotor wrapped around the cable, but she had managed to hang on. Somehow the blades had missed the main body of the sub, but she knew there had to be major damage to the cable. All Rachel could think of at that point was escaping from the sub as fast as she could. The soldier trapped in the clamps stared in at her, delirious, bleeding, and burned from the shrapnel. Beyond him, Rachel saw William Pickering still holding on to a cleat on the slanting deck. How to cite Deception Point Page 103, Essay examples

Barry Sanders Essay Example For Students

Barry Sanders Essay My article that I choice was about one of the mostinteresting sports players of our time. Barry Sandersarguably the best back ever to play the game of football. Barry is not one of those players who is just out there tomake money, no he loves the game and is always trying hishardest when he is out there. In my paper there is allotinterest information about Barry that not every one knowsabout him. Barry Sanders was born July 16th, 1968 inWichita, Kansas. He grew up in a family being one ofeleven other children. When Barry was a kid he wasconsidered to be too short to play football well at thecollege level. In fact, his 1,417 yards rushing in his senioryear of high school wasnt enough to impress collegerecruiters. One recruiter told Barrys coach, We dontneed another midget. Only two colleges offered Barry afootball scholarship. Barry accepted a scholarship fromOklahoma State University and the rest is now history. Here are some of Barrys career achievements that he hasdone in the short time he has played the game. Which hasmade him such the over achiever that he is. 1988, won theHeisman Trophy Award for best player in the nation. 1989,lead the NFC in rushing and was Rookie of the Year. 1992, became the Lions All-Time leading rusher. 1994,rushed for the fourth best NFL season record of 1,883yards and included a 237 yards in week 11 vs. TampaBay. In 1996, became the first player in NFL history torush for over 1,000 yards in his first eight seasons, won theNFL rushing title, selected to the Pro Bowl for the eighthtime and became the first player to rush for over 1,500yards in three consecutive seasons. Sanders continuesadding to his extraordinary numbers on the field. He hasrun for 1,300 yards and now stands seventh among theNFLs all-time rushers with 11,472, having surpassed OttisAnderson, O.J. Simpson and John Riggins. Hes 128 yardsbehind Kansas Citys Marcus Allen, Sandersboyhoodhero when he was growing up in Wichita, Kan.,and Allen was a Los Angeles Raider. Next year, providinghe keeps up this trend of 1,000-yard seasons, Sanders willpass Franco Harris (12,120), Jim Brown (12,312) andTony Dorsett(12,739) and slide into third place behind EricDickerson (13,259) and Walter Payton (16,726). Sandersis the first player in league history to rush for at least 1,000yards in eight straight seasons, and Thursday he was namedto his eighth straight Pro Bowl. Anytime he touches theball, its a highlight reel, says Allen, now in his 15th NFLseason. The player most fun to watch, and by far, the mostdangerous player in the game today, is Barry Sanders. Heis jus! t remarkable. He is also, in my opinion, the guyeveryones still trying to crack. Mention any of this toSanders, and you would expect him to be bemused,wearing the kind of bored look people get when theyrewaiting in line at the grocery store. Youve seen him beinginterviewed on TV, standing or sitting in that same spot infront of his locker, avoiding eye contact with the cameraand speaking in that unhurried monotone. There has alwaysbeen a kind of perceived uneasiness about him. But rattleoff a few of the aforementioned tales of changeespeciallywhat his teammates and family have noticed about himlatelya nd he nods knowingly and begins, veryun-Sanders like, by answering a question with a question. When I first came into the league, I was 20 years old, hestarts out saying. Now Im 28. So wouldnt you expectthere to be some changes between 20 and 28? Sure, yousay. He continues. I know Im more outgoing, especiallypublicly, Sanders says. I dont think any! of my brothersor sisters, though, would ever term me as quiet or reserved. Whenever I become more comfortable with people, I getmore open. And now, I just think Im more comfortableoutside of my own little environment and people can seemore of me, more inside of the person. Before, I was aperson who felt out of their element and was just kind ofbeing, sitting back and watching everything. At home, theyknew I wasnt just this quiet and reserved person, the waypeople thought I was here. Its just a matter of comfort,thats all it is. Even in the locker room, people that Im notreal close with I can laugh and joke. And now, Im moreprone to try to defend myself from attacks from BrettPerriman and Herman Moore. Sanders starts cracking up. Get it? He has just made a joke. I can sit and talk with myoldest son for hours and hours. Barry and I could never dothat. But the last time he called, he asked to talk tome. Wetalked for quite a while. Barry, he used to make me madbecause he was just like his mother. Looks like her. Quietlike her. I wanted him to have something of me. But Iwouldnt let him be outgoing. Barry, I said, youve got tobe different. Ask him. Hell remember.WilliamSanders, Barrys father Peter Schaffer, one of Sandersagents, lives in Denver. He belongs to a health club whereSanders and former Michigan receiver Mercury Hayesjoined a pick up basketball game last year. Sanders! ,whos 5-feet-8 and 203 pounds, wore a plain T-shirt andshorts. Hayes shirt saidMichigan on the front. The nextday, a couple of Schaffers friends who played in the gamesought him out. Hey, it was sure fun playing basketballwith Mercury Hayes! they said. Schaffer didnt have theheart to tell them who the other guy was. Stories like thatone ar e still as popular as they were in 1988 the yearSanders won the Heisman Trophy as a junior at OklahomaState and turned down an invitation to the White Housebecause he said he had to study. Or how about the timetwo years ago in Miami when Sanders spent the evening inthe lounge at the Marriott? Think youre onto some juicygossip, right? Well, Sanders wasnt attached to any barstool. He and Steve Atwater of the Denver Broncos werein a corner, playing Pop-A-Shot basketball all night. Lucky's Monologue in Waiting for Godot EssayWhile Shirley is quiet and unassuming, her husband isanything but. William Sanders listens to Rush Limbaugh andDr. Laura, smokesWhite Owl cigars and rarely leaveshome without his Cleveland Browns jacket. His favoritecollege remains Oklahomabecause he listened to theSooners broadcasts on the radio when he was growing up. He points out that he has collected only two autographs forhimself through the yearsTroy Aikman (because heplayed two seasons at Oklahoma) and Bernie Kosar!(Cleveland). In 1994, William Sanders brought a footballto Dallas, where the Cowboys were playing the Lions. When the teams were warming up, he was introduced toEmmitt Smith. Sanders asked if Smith could do him a favorand sign his football for a friend. He said hed get me afterthe game, William Sanders says, angry as he tells thestory. As it turns out, the Lions won the game in overtime. When he asked Smith to sign the ball, he refused. MyBarry would never do that, Sanders says. Until this pastsummer, William Sanders was working six days a week asa freelance roofer and remodeler. Before that, he workedon the beef-kill line at a rendering plant, firing .22s into theskulls of cattle, among other jobs. Barry came into moneyin 88, William Sanders says, walking up the private drivethat leads to their home. You know, well be here fouryears on Memorial Day. I was never hung up on movingout of the ghetto just to say I moved out. Money can be acurse and a nigh! tmare if you let it control you. As nice ashis new house is, William Sanders misses his oldneighborhood. I bought that house (on Volutsia) for$8,200 in 1964, he says. I paid it off in February 1984 $77.50 a month on a 20-year note. In those days, sleepingarrangements were eight girls in one bedroom, three boysin another. William was the neighborhoods master builderof bunk beds. And also, the chief disciplinarian. Ireme mber in Barrys senior year in high school he had on apair of Converse All-Stars for basketball, William Sanderssays. He came in one day and his shoes were untied. I toldhim if he ever comes in the house again with his shoesuntied Id break both his legs. I was such a sergeant overmy kids. I felt I had to be. Barrys brother Byron, whoplayed football at Northwestern, says, My father doesntrealize that although we appear to be reserved, no one inthe world can intimidate any of his children because of theway he was. He loved us, and ! thats the difference.Today, the children all grown and gone, William Sandersmisses the full house. Hes planning a family reunion fornext summer. Let me tell you how I feel about things now,William Sanders says. God told Abraham that he was ablessing to many nations. Well, were thankful for theblessings of Barry. I remember I wanted one of my sons togo to Oklahoma so bad, so that I could go down in peace. Now, if Barry goes into the Hall of Fame, when hesstanding up there, on the steps in Canton, I can lay downright there and die. I think a lot of things that I believehave changed, or I have just adjusted some. I think if thatswhat you really want to do, then I think you should. Whatthe other players around the league think about him. Youcould call him the best running back, and there would be noreal argument. But you could go even further: BarrySanders of the Detroit Lions might be, quite simply, thebest player in the game. Were he to be judged only for themagic he creates with a hand off, his supremacy would endat his position. but Sanders has accomplished somethingremarkable, if not unprecedented, since the days of JimBrown. The current of terror that begins to flow in the daysand hours before a game usually emanates from viciousdefenders and flows white-hot into the rattled psyches ofthe players who earn their pay with the ball in their hands. But alone among his offensive fellows, Sanders hasreversed that current. Sanders has a whole breed of menbest known for barking like dogs instead praying out loud. In a week of preparing for Sanders, says Chicago Bearlinebacker Vinson Smith, You have to not sleep for acouple of nights. Re! ally? Yes. Yes. And even duringfitful dozing, says Minnesota Viking defensive tackle HenryThomas, who usually dreams of sacks and motor cycles,you sit up in the middle of the night hollering, Barry!Sanders! Most people dont just think Barry is a greatfootball player they also think he is a great person too. Barry Sanders is simply the most exciting sports player towatch. Not to mention that he has a great personality and isa class act. This guy is so good at what he does its scaryand he doesnt even have a trace of ego in him. WhenBarry runs the ball he defies the laws of gravity and physicsof a moving object. He makes moves that make your eyespop out of their sockets and leave your mouth hangingwide open. To me this report help my find out that Barry ismore than just a good ball player he also is a good personthat most people dont see. Barry does not let all themoney he earns get to his head he act like you and me. Atthe end of Barrys career he will probably own every singlerecord there is. He is on the pace to do that with noproblem. There is no doubt in my mind that Barry will be inthe Hall of Fame with ease. To bad all the sports playersare not like Barry if they were all the games you watchwould be ten times better then what they are now. Biographies

The Dirty South Essay Example For Students

The Dirty South Essay The Dirty SouthDuring the times of the Civil Rights Movement the black communities of Birmingham, Alabama suffered severely due to the notorious acts of racism geared towards them simply because they were black. They boldly endured beatings, lynching, bombings, and demeaning treatment from the white community and especially from the Clan. The September 15, 1963 racially motivated bombing of the Birminghams Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, which resulted in the deaths of four innocent black girls, was one of the darkest moments of the Civil Rights Movement and perhaps one of the darkest days in Birmingham, Alabamas history. Betty Blackman was born and raised in Birmingham. Her life was engulfed by the racism and left her with dramatically scaring memories of Birmingham. I grew up in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. I was born there December 11, 1947. Most of the memories I have of growing up there are the most painful memories that I have, which is strong racism and living in every da y fright. I remember not being able to drink out of the cleaner water fountains around town; they were for the white people. The water fountains that were available to us were few, far between and very filthy. The black people were treated like dogs in Birmingham. I remember having to enter of the all stores and restaurants in town through the back entrances. One place I remember so vividly was a restaurant called Stadium Grill. We ordered food there every week while we were doing the wash across the street at the Laundromat. We enter in the back door into a very tiny poorly lit room. There were no tables or chairs for us to sit and eat there, it wasnt allowed. There was only a small window to which we placed our orders and left. The front of the restaurant was large; it had tables with real cloth coverings and beautiful flowers sitting in the middle of the tables. I never once stepped foot inside the front of that restaurant. The way our communities were much different than they ar e now. Black people were not allowed to live among the white people. The white people lived in big lavish homes on the far east side of town and the blacks lived on the west side of town in small run down homes. There was, however, one subdivision that the wealthier black families lived. The name of it was the Goldwire Area and even now it never compares to the homes in which the poverty stricken families live now. The other less fortunate blacks lived in run down shack like homes farther west of town. We will write a custom essay on The Dirty South specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I was sixteen years old when the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church took place. I remember it so well, because it was such a traumatic time and we tend to remember traumatic times more than the less traumatic. I remember sitting in a chair in our kitchen getting my hair pressed when my family got the news. The smell of freshly pressed hair takes my mind back to those times. My parents got a phone call and I remember hearing my mother scream the most horrible scream Id ever heard. She was weeping very hard when she told my siblings and me about it. I can still see the pain of that memory in her eyes today. A few days later, I heard some other adults around our neighborhood talking about it. They were saying this explosion wasnt very loud but it had a tremendous impact on the church. The bombings had become a way of life for us and well as the harassment from the Clan. Someones house was bombed almost every week, but until this point in time no one was killed. I remember an incident when the Clan set off a small bomb in the center of the black neighborhood. The plan was to draw a crowd, set off a much larger bomb, and kill a large majority of black people. Their plans were intervened by the FBI. They found the bomb, but I dont remember anyone being charged with anything because of it. When I found out about the girls being killed, my heart went out to them and their families. Although, I didnt know any of the girls personally, I did know one of the girls father, Mr. Chris Mc Nair. Mr. Mc Nair was a prominent black photographer in Birmingham. He took all of the school photos, wedding portraits, and all of the family portraits in the black community. Before the explosion and the death of his daughter, Mr. Mc Nair was a cheerful, happy, calm man, but even years later he was a cold, unconcerned and just an impatient man. This was the case among most of the black people in Birmingham after the bombing. We didnt have much, but we did take pride in family an d our community. After the bombing, the town went pretty much back to normal to a certain degree. I can say, however, that there was a stronger sense of fear in the black community and a stronger sense of resolve, because these kinds of tragedies had to be stopped. So, the bombing in a sense caused our community to pull together more and push harder to make the change. More black people than before began to participate in the Civil Rights movement. More of them showed up for the marches and more people attended the meetings. Most of all, people had more respect for the ministers that participated in the movement at Birmingham. They realized that any minister that participated life was literally in danger because they had such a big influence on the black community. Really, I think more people were also participating more because the lives that were lost were so innocent and precious, and it was in their own back yards. The children killed in that church could have been their own and because of these facts a change had to be made. I remember my mother saying that she believed that the bombing was geared at the church because Reverend Shadowsworth was a big supporter of the movement. Reverend Shadowsworth was the minister residing over the church at that time and he supported and participated in much of the movement. He and his wife had been beaten several times by the Clan and their house had been bombed more than once. I just couldnt understand what black people had done that was so awful to be treated this way. Lately, Ive been thinking about the racism and all of the bombings in Birmingham. I compare the terrorism we endured then to the terrorism the United States is enduring now. Then, we were living in constant fear for our lives and the lives of our loved ones. Now, the whole country is living that way today. Its funny how the Old South was always called the Bible Belt, when nothing was ran according to the teachings of the Bible. I often think of what my great aunt used to say, The white folks threw the rock and now they are trying to hide their hands. I am fifty-six now and I have two children of my own. I couldnt imagine them having to live in the conditions that we were forced to live. I am proud of the men and women that gave their sweat, blood, and lives to get us where we are today and I thank them for it everyday. I think mostly about those times around the month of February, because it is dedicated to black history and Birmingham has a lot of black history. I am a better person today than I was years ago in Birmingham. It took me a long while to get from that bitter place that I was in. I actually hated white people, because of the tragedies we witnessed and endured in Birmingham. Back then, I never could understand why Dr. King always preached for non-violence, while unnecessary violence was displayed on us on a daily basis, but now through the grace of God I understand. Nothing positive comes out of violence and because I had found the Lord, I know that vengeance is His. For these two reasons, I no longer feel hate toward any white person or my life in Birmingham. I can move along with my life and have love for all.

Biography of Ernest Hemingway, Journalist and Writer

Biography of Ernest Hemingway, Journalist and Writer Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899–July 2, 1961) is considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Best known for his novels and short stories, he was also an accomplished journalist and war correspondent.  Hemingways trademark prose style- simple and spare- influenced a generation of writers. Fast Facts: Ernest Hemingway Known For: Journalist and member of the Lost Generation group of writers who won the Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize in LiteratureBorn: July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, IllinoisParents: Grace Hall Hemingway and Clarence (Ed) Edmonds HemingwayDied: July 2, 1961 in Ketchum, IdahoEducation: Oak Park High SchoolPublished Works: The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, Death in the Afternoon, For Whom the Bell Tolls, the Old Man and the Sea, A Moveable FeastSpouse(s):  Hadley Richardson (m. 1921–1927), Pauline Pfeiffer (1927–1939), Martha Gellhorn (1940–1945), Mary Welsh (1946–1961)Children: With Hadley Richardson: John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway (Jack 1923–2000); with Pauline Pfeiffer: Patrick (b. 1928), Gregory (Gig 1931–2001) Early Life Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois, the second child born to Grace Hall Hemingway and Clarence (Ed) Edmonds Hemingway. Ed was a general medical practitioner and Grace a would-be opera singer turned music teacher. Hemingways parents reportedly had an unconventional arrangement, in which Grace, an ardent feminist, would agree to marry Ed only if he could assure her she would not be responsible for the housework or cooking. Ed acquiesced; in addition to his busy medical practice, he ran the household, managed the servants, and even cooked meals when the need arose. Ernest Hemingway grew up with four sisters; his much-longed-for brother did not arrive until Ernest was 15 years old. Young Ernest enjoyed family vacations at a cottage in northern Michigan where he developed a love of the outdoors and learned hunting and fishing from his father. His mother, who insisted that all of her children learn to play an instrument, instilled in him an appreciation of the arts. In high school, Hemingway co-edited the school newspaper and competed on the football and swim teams. Fond of impromptu boxing matches with his friends, Hemingway also played cello in the school orchestra. He graduated from Oak Park High School in 1917. World War I Hired by the Kansas City Star in 1917 as a reporter covering the police beat, Hemingway- obligated to adhere to the newspapers style guidelines- began to develop the succinct, simple style of writing that would become his trademark. That style was a dramatic departure from the ornate prose that dominated literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After six months in Kansas City, Hemingway longed for adventure. Ineligible for military service due to poor eyesight, he volunteered in 1918 as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Europe. In July of that year, while on duty in Italy, Hemingway was severely injured by an exploding mortar shell. His legs were peppered by more than 200 shell fragments, a painful and debilitating injury that required several surgeries. As the first American to have survived being wounded in Italy in World War I, Hemingway was awarded a medal from the Italian government. While recovering from his wounds at a hospital in Milan, Hemingway met and fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky, a nurse with the American Red Cross. He and Agnes made plans to marry once he had earned enough money. After the war ended in November 1918, Hemingway returned to the United States to look for a job, but the wedding was not to be. Hemingway received a letter from Agnes in March 1919, breaking off the relationship. Devastated, he became depressed and rarely left the house. Becoming a Writer Hemingway spent a year at his parents home, recovering from wounds both physical and emotional. In early 1920, mostly recovered and eager to be employed, Hemingway got a job in Toronto helping a woman care for her disabled son. There he met the features editor of the Toronto Star Weekly, which hired him as a feature writer. In fall of that year, he moved to Chicago and became a writer for  The Cooperative Commonwealth, a monthly magazine, while still working for the Star. Hemingway, however, longed to write fiction. He began submitting short stories to magazines, but they were repeatedly rejected. Soon, however, Hemingway had reason for hope. Through mutual friends, Hemingway met novelist Sherwood Anderson, who was impressed by Hemingways short stories and encouraged him to pursue a career in writing. Hemingway also met the woman who would become his first wife: Hadley Richardson. A native of St. Louis, Richardson had come to Chicago to visit friends after the death of her mother. She managed to support herself with a small trust fund left to her by her mother. The pair married in September 1921. Sherwood Anderson, just back from a trip to Europe, urged the newly married couple to move to Paris, where he believed a writers talent could flourish. He furnished the Hemingways with letters of introduction to American expatriate poet Ezra Pound and modernist writer Gertrude Stein. They set sail from New York in December 1921. Life in Paris The Hemingways found an inexpensive apartment in a working-class district in Paris. They lived on Hadleys inheritance and Hemingways income from the Toronto Star Weekly, which employed him as a foreign correspondent. Hemingway also rented out a small hotel room to use as his workplace. There, in a burst of productivity, Hemingway filled one notebook after another with stories, poems, and accounts of his childhood trips to Michigan. Hemingway finally garnered an invitation to the salon of Gertrude Stein, with whom he later developed a deep friendship. Steins home in Paris had become a meeting place for various artists and writers of the era, with Stein acting as a mentor to several prominent writers. Stein promoted the simplification of both prose and poetry as a backlash to the elaborate style of writing seen in past decades. Hemingway took her suggestions to heart and later credited Stein for having taught him valuable lessons that influenced his writing style. Hemingway and Stein belonged to the group of American expatriate writers in 1920s Paris who came to be known as the Lost Generation. These writers had become disillusioned with traditional American values following World War I; their work often reflected their sense of futility and despair. Other writers in this group included F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and John Dos Passos. In December 1922, Hemingway endured what might be considered a writers worst nightmare. His wife, traveling by train to meet him for a holiday, lost a valise filled with a large portion of his recent work, including carbon copies. The papers were never found. Getting Published In 1923, several of Hemingways poems and stories were accepted for publication in two American literary magazines, Poetry and The Little Review. In the summer of that year, Hemingways first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published by an American-owned Paris publishing house. On a trip to Spain in the summer of 1923, Hemingway witnessed his first bullfight. He wrote of bullfighting in the Star, seeming to condemn the sport and romanticize it at the same time. On another excursion to Spain, Hemingway covered the traditional running of the bulls at Pamplona, during which young men- courting death or, at the very least, injury- ran through town pursued by a throng of angry bulls. The Hemingways returned to Toronto for the birth of their son. John Hadley Hemingway (nicknamed Bumby) was born October 10, 1923. They returned to Paris in January 1924, where Hemingway continued to work on a new collection of short stories, later published in the book In Our Time. Hemingway returned to Spain to work on his upcoming novel set in Spain: The Sun Also Rises. The book was published in 1926, to mostly good reviews. Yet Hemingways marriage was in turmoil. He had begun an affair in 1925 with American journalist Pauline Pfeiffer, who worked for the Paris Vogue. The Hemingways divorced in January 1927; Pfeiffer and Hemingway married in May of that year. Hadley later remarried and returned to Chicago with Bumby in 1934. Back to the U.S. In 1928, Hemingway and his second wife returned to the United States to live. In June 1928, Pauline gave birth to son Patrick in Kansas City. A second son, Gregory, would be born in 1931. The Hemingways rented a house in Key West, Florida, where Hemingway worked on his latest book, A Farewell to Arms, based upon his World War I experiences. In December 1928, Hemingway received shocking news- his father, despondent over mounting health and financial problems, had shot himself to death. Hemingway, whod had a strained relationship with his parents, reconciled with his mother after his fathers suicide and helped support her financially. In May 1928, Scribners Magazine published its first installment of A Farewell to Arms. It was well-received; however, the second and third installments, deemed profane and sexually explicit, were banned from newsstands in Boston. Such criticism only served to boost sales when the entire book was published in September 1929. The Spanish Civil War The early 1930s proved to be a productive (if not always successful) time for Hemingway. Fascinated by bullfighting, he traveled to Spain to do research for the non-fiction book, Death in the Afternoon. It was published in 1932 to generally poor reviews and was followed by several less-than-successful short story collections. Ever the adventurer, Hemingway traveled to Africa on a shooting safari in November 1933. Although the trip was somewhat disastrous- Hemingway clashed with his companions and later became ill with dysentery- it provided him with ample material for a short story, The Snows of Kilimanjaro, as well as a non-fiction book, Green Hills of Africa. While Hemingway was on a hunting and fishing trip in the United States in the summer of 1936, the Spanish Civil War began. A supporter of the loyalist (anti-Fascist) forces, Hemingway donated money for ambulances. He also signed on as a journalist to cover the conflict for a group of American newspapers and became involved in making a documentary. While in Spain, Hemingway began an affair with Martha Gellhorn, an American journalist and documentarian. Weary of her husbands adulterous ways, Pauline took her sons and left Key West in December 1939. Only months after she divorced Hemingway, he married Martha Gellhorn in November 1940. World War II Hemingway and Gellhorn rented a farmhouse in Cuba just outside of Havana, where both could work on their writing. Traveling between Cuba and Key West, Hemingway wrote one of his most popular novels: For Whom the Bell Tolls. A fictionalized account of the Spanish Civil War, the book was published in October 1940 and became a bestseller. Despite being named the winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1941, the book did not win because the president of Columbia University (which bestowed the award) vetoed the decision. As Marthas reputation as a journalist grew, she earned assignments around the globe, leaving Hemingway resentful of her long absences. But soon, they would both be globetrotting. After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941, both Hemingway and Gellhorn signed on as war correspondents. Hemingway was allowed on board a troop transport ship, from which he was able to watch the D-day invasion of Normandy in June 1944. The Pulitzer and Nobel Prizes While in London during the war, Hemingway began an affair with the woman who would become his fourth wife- journalist Mary Welsh. Gellhorn learned of the affair and divorced Hemingway in 1945. He and Welsh married in 1946. They alternated between homes in Cuba and Idaho. In January 1951, Hemingway began writing a book that would become one of his most celebrated works: The Old Man and the Sea. A bestseller, the novella also won Hemingway his long-awaited Pulitzer Prize in 1953. The Hemingways traveled extensively  but were often the victims of bad luck. They were involved in two plane crashes in Africa during one trip in 1953. Hemingway was severely injured, sustaining internal and head injuries as well as burns. Some newspapers erroneously reported that he had died in the second crash. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the career-topping Nobel Prize for literature. Decline and Death In January 1959, the Hemingways moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho. Hemingway, now nearly 60 years old, had suffered for several years with high blood pressure and the effects of years of heavy drinking. He had also become moody and depressed and appeared to be deteriorating mentally. In November 1960, Hemingway was admitted to the Mayo Clinic for treatment of his physical and mental symptoms. He received electroshock therapy for his depression and was sent home after a two-month stay. Hemingway became further depressed when he realized he was unable to write after the treatments. After three suicide attempts, Hemingway was readmitted to the Mayo Clinic and given more shock treatments. Although his wife protested, he convinced his doctors he was well enough to go home. Only days after being discharged from the hospital, Hemingway shot himself in the head in his Ketchum home early on the morning of July 2, 1961. He died instantly. Legacy A larger-than-life figure, Hemingway thrived on high adventure, from safaris and bullfights to wartime journalism and adulterous affairs, communicating that to his readers in an immediately recognizable spare, staccato format. Hemingway is among the most prominent and influential of the Lost Generation of expatriate writers who lived in Paris in the 1920s. Known affectionately as Papa Hemingway, he was awarded both the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in literature, and several of his books were made into movies.   Sources Dearborn, Mary V. Ernest Hemingway: A Biography. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017.Hemingway, Ernest. Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014.Henderson, Paul. Hemingways Boat: Everything He Loved in Life, and Lost, 1934–1961. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.Hutchisson, James M. Ernest Hemingway: A New Life. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016.

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Mandatory Recycling in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mandatory Recycling in the USA - Essay Example Air pollution that coming from the process of burning fossil fuels is one of the common factors that causes acid rain. (U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999) In other words, electric utility plants are among the major sources of emitted sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that are present in the atmostphere. As explained by Science, global warming and the nitrogen oxide present in the acid rain could cause negative impact on the environment aside from declining the annual crop yields due to the presence of flood caused by typhoon and/or prolonged hot season that often leads to the growth of new pesticides and fungicides. (Hampton, 2008; Union of Concerned Scientists, 2006) For this reason, income from agricultural activities becomes lesser. On the other hand, the thinning of the ozone layer could cause human beings to suffer from skin cancer and other related health detriments. (The Daily Galaxy, 2007) Aside from causing serious damage on agricultural products, acid rain could also severely damage our natural sources of water such as lakes and streams. (U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999) Given the fact that trees absorb water from the ground, there is a higher chance that trees and other plants would die caused by high amount of acid found in the ocean, lakes, streams, rivers, and water reservoir. For this reason, forest degradation is most likely to occur.