jazz dance Essay - 2756 Words

The varieties of jazz dance reflect the diversity of American culture. Jazz dance mirrors the social history of the American people, reflecting ethnic influences, historic events, and cultural changes. Jazz dance has been greatly influenced by social dance and popular music. But, like so much that is â€Å"from America†, the history of jazz dance begins somewhere else. The origins of jazz music and dance are found in the rhythms and movements brought to America by African slaves. The style of African dance is earthy; low, knees bent, pulsating body movements emphasized by body isolations and hand-clapping. As slaves forced into America, starting during the 1600’s, Africans from many cultures were cut off from their families, languages and†¦show more content†¦Just when social dancing was at its height, World War 2 put a stop to its popularity. Lack of attendance, plus the intricate rhythmic patterns of modern jazz music, which were too complex for social dancing, led to the closing of dance halls and ballrooms. With the demise of social dance, the growth of jazz dance as a professional dance form began. During the 1940’s, jazz dance was influenced by ballet and modern dance. By blending the classical technique of ballet with the natural bodily expression of modern dance, jazz developed a sophisticated artistic quality. Unlike early jazz dance, which was performed by talented entertainers without formal training, modern jazz dance was performed by professionals trained in ballet and modern dance. It was during this time that man who later came to be known as the â€Å"Father of Theatrical Jazz Dance†, Jack Cole, was busy developing his technique. Jack Cole had studied modern, ballet, and ethnic dance, had been a student at Denishawn and had done choreographic work in the nightclub scene. In the 1940’s there was a serious demand for groups of trained dancers for film work and Jack Cole was the one who started developing these trained jazz dancers for the Hollywood movie musicals. Also, during this time Gene Kelly, began making his mark as a dancer in Hollywood musicals. His impact on jazz was his individual, energetic dance style that combined athletic, gymnastic qualities with jazz and tap.Show MoreRelatedInvestigating Modern Jazz Dance And The Samba No Pe1789 Words   |  8 PagesInvestigating modern jazz dance and the Samba no pà © Introduction: Many interesting comparisons may be drawn between both the samba and jazz dance: not only are their historical contexts highly comparable, as they both set against the background of imperialism and oppression, but are extremely popular in their respective cultures, today. Moreover, both dances are very similar in respect to their movement and music, in which either one may be performed to music or to no music. Similarly, improvisationRead MoreThe Evolution And Impact Of Jazz Dance On The World864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution and Impact of Jazz Dance On The World Jazz dance originated from the African American vernacular dance from the late 1800’s when slaves needed an emotional and physical outlet (Guarnino and Oliver). The slave trade had begun and the slaves were allowed dance on the boats, as it was to keep the slaves fit for their journey to North America. The slave owners took interest in this type of dance (Guarnino and Oliver). They then integrated their European jigs with the music and movementRead MoreJazz Music : An Ultimate Value Of Art1018 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Jazz music is America s past and its potential, summed up and sanctified and accessible to anybody who learns to listen to, feel, and understand it. The music can connect us to our earlier selves and to our better selves-to-come. It can remind us of where we fit on the timeline of human achievement, an ultimate value of art.† -Wynton Marsalis. Jazz was born in the United States, to be precise it was born in New Orleans. Jazz has a big part in the w orld’s history and is a part of their cultureRead MoreJazz Music, Freedom and Women1334 Words   |  5 PagesBackground of Jazz Jazz is still considered as etymology obscure as the origin and the background of the music is still unclear to the society. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd Edition by Kennedy Michael (1994), page 445 : â€Å"Jazz is a term which came into general use for a type of music which developed in the Southern States of United States of America in the late 19th century and came into prominence at the turn of the century in New Orleans, chiefly (but not exclusively) amongRead MoreLouis Armstrong and His Music Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The essence of jazz- making something new out of something old, making something personal out of something shared- has no finer exemplar than Armstrong.† (Hasse par. 3) During the 1920’s a young African American man, otherwise known as Louis Armstrong, helped create and represent a new twist on popular music. This music that became so famous and well loved today is also referred to as jazz. Louis Armstrong had a very successful jazz career performing and composing popular jazz hits in the 1920’sRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Period Of Ethnic Rebirth1664 Words   |  7 Pageswas at the center of what F. Scott Fitzgerald c alled â€Å"the Jazz Age.† The â€Å"Jazz Explosion† began during the Great Migration when it arrived in the North along with many African Americans. It was the music of the neighborhood, and Jazz artists were the stars of the era. The most famous Jazz artist of the time was Louis Armstrong. A native of New Orleans, Louisiana, Armstrong singlehandedly changed jazz into a soloist art. Before Armstrong, Jazz was exclusively played by orchestras and bands. With theRead MoreAfrican Americans and the Genre Rock and Roll1128 Words   |  4 Pagesmusical tradition rich with long melody lines, complicated rhythms (poly rhythmics) and stringed instruments CITATION. The West Africans music was also strongly integrated into their everyday lives. Songs were preformed for religious ceremonies and dances and music was often a common fixture among the villages. If a slave was lucky enough to find themselves in a Roman Catholic colony their music and traditions were less likely to be suppressed compared to if they were in a Protestant colony. The ProtestantsRead MoreThe Jazz Age, By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pagesii. Introduction â€Å"The Jazz Age,† deemed as such by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is used to describe the period that started after the First World War in 1919 and lasted for ten years. During this time, the stock market boom allowed for growth in consumer spending and the young adult population started to leave traditional values behind in exchange for individualism. In an effort by religious groups to decrease immorality, criminality, and unpatriotic citizenship, the Eighteenth Amendment went into effectRead MoreMHL 145 Chapter 6 Essay725 Words   |  3 Pagesera. Jazz became the cornerstone of popular culture during the period known as the swing era. The swing era influenced clothing styles, retail marketing, fashion, dance, and even language. Swing fans had their own clothing style and built a social phenomenon around it. With many dances coming and going the swing fans kept on dancing. 3. Name some of the specific innovations Duke Ellington brought to jazz in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Duke Ellington brought some specific innovations to jazz in theRead MoreNew Orleans By Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur De Bienville Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment and evolution of the culture and Jazz music. In 1724, Code Nior was implemented which gave slaves Sundays and holidays off. On their days off, slaves gathered any place they could find such as levees, backyards, and remote areas. In 1817, the mayor of New Orleans issued an ordinance which restricted slaves’ congregation to an area called Congo Square. On Sunday afternoons, men women and children gathered around by the hundreds, even thousands, to sing, dance, play music, and worship. The rhythm

Top 10 Weird but Cool Physics Ideas

Should Abortion Be Legal - 1520 Words

Abortion, I believe has always been and will continue to be a very controversial subject. Abortion has been argued continuously over the past years and will always be a topic that is going to get people on their high horse. Abortion is defined as the termination of a human pregnancy, typically done before the embryo or fetus is capable of life. Basically a medical procedure done to end the unwanted pregnancy and the cause of death of the fetus. The most asked question is should abortion be legal? When it comes to the topic of abortion, there are two sides to this topic, Pro-life and the Pro-Choice side. Those who are against abortion entirely are considered to be pro-life, and those who believe it is the woman’s right to choose between keeping the baby or terminating the pregnancy are pro-choice. The solution to individuals who are for pro-life is to have the child and give it up for adoption, or raise it. On the contrary the solution to individuals who are pro-choice is only that of abortion. The solution of abortion is considered ethically wrong and should be illegal because there are consequences for both the mother and the child resulting from an abortion. About 10% of women who are having an abortion suffer instant complications, potentially life-threatening. The rates of women’s death from various causes after abortion are 3.5 times higher than after giving birth, and that’s scary to think that you could have so many complications to cause you to die. People think thatShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to t he women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has life; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number ofRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abortion if there are other choices for

Mindfulness Practice On Substance Abuse Recovery - 3566 Words

Chicago State University # of words College of Pharmacy 9501 S King Dr. Chicago, IL 60628 (773) 995- 2000 Mindfulness Practice in Substance Abuse Recovery By: Nicole Latimore Nidhi Patel Lauren Pestka Yaritza Lopez Abstract: Objective ---Mindfulness is known as the ability to maintain a continuous awareness of environment, feelings, sensations, and thoughts. This practice focuses on the acceptance of what is happening around and within ourselves by being conscious of our feelings and thoughts. The significance of feelings and thoughts, especially negativity, has shown to impact a patient s treatment by ultimately relapsing into the use of substance of abuse. Mindfulness has been studied for over 30 years, however there is not an abundant amount of clinical evidence to support the use of mindfulness training in substance abuse recovery. The goal of this manuscript is to compile information from clinical trials about the benefits, efficacy, and use of the practice of mindfulness in substance abuse recovery. Methods --- Definitions, statistical analysis, and studies of clinical trials are tools used to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness in the recovery of substance abuse. Results--- Patients were able to abstain more frequently from addictive substances through resistance, which was due to the acceptance of negativity of thoughts, coping with cravings, as well as less or manageable stress. Conclusions ---Mindfulness appears to positivelyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Addiction: Suffering, acceptance, and change1644 Words   |  7 Pagesaddiction recovery utilize a dialectical model to examine the change process. Third wave behavioral therapies such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), along with mindfulness meditation (MM), and the 12 Step Recovery model of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) use a dialectic based on acceptance of what is and change to what can be. These modern methods make use of the practices of Buddhism that may be effective treatments for addiction recovery. Moreover,Read MoreResearch Assignment . 15. Alyssa Swartz. May 2, 2017. Criminal3997 Words   |  16 Pagesto completely free their minds. Mediation will strengthen the user’s self-efficacy by increasing calmness and physical relaxation. Mediation will improve psychological balance, coping with illness, and enhancing overall health and well-being. The p ractices of mind and body focus the interactions among the brain, body, behavior, and spiritual energy. Part II Body of the paper Psychologist Albert Bandura defined self-efficacy  as being one s belief in one s ability to be successful in specific circumstancesRead MoreThe Opioid Crisis And Communities Nationwide3993 Words   |  16 Pagesto completely free their minds. Mediation will strengthen the user’s self-efficacy by increasing calmness and physical relaxation. Mediation will improve psychological balance, coping with illness, and enhancing overall health and well-being. The practices of mind and body focus the interactions among the brain, body, behavior, and spiritual energy. Part II Body of the paper Psychologist Albert Bandura defined self-efficacy  as being one s belief in one s ability to be successful in specific circumstancesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is A National Public Health Burden Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse is a national public health burden that has significantly increased the rate of disability and mortality worldwide (Azizi, Borjali, Golzari; 2010; Wheeler, 2014; Wu, 2010). In fact, the most recent Global Burden of Disease Report estimated that almost twelve million people, who abused drugs, had moderate to severe disability (Wu, 2010). With regard to physical health, legal issues, social relationships, and occupational functioning, substance abuse affects all aspects of the individualRead MoreMotivational Interviews : Motivational Interviewing2027 Words   |  9 PagesMotivational interviewing is a practice wherein conveying acceptance of your client, you become an aid in the process of change. Motivational interviewing fosters Carl Rogers optimistic and humanistic theories; around ones competences for employing free choice and shifting through a course of self-actualization. The therapeutic relationship for both Motivational Interviewers and Rogerians’ is a democratic partnership. The concept of Motivational Interviewing (MI) progressed from the experienceRead MoreSubstance Abuse : Alcoholics Anonymous, Smart Recovery1528 Words   |  7 Pagesadditions or substance abuse are designed to assist participants in their stages of change, learn about recovery, provide information to families to understand behaviors, and to assist participants with resources and skills (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, n.d). Psychoeducational groups will support participants and encourage them to take responsibility for their actions. These groups will utilize different methods to replace addictive behavior and practice mindfulness to work on anyRead MoreAlcohol And Addiction By Hamish Todd1640 Words   |  7 Pagesdru nk any more, not in the way I remembered. I only fell down, got drunk quick and mentally goofy. When I was 48, I quit. I’ve had a couple relapses, but now count 133 days free of liquor. I checked myself into Sundown M. Ranch, a 12-Step based recovery center in Selah, Washington. I was there two weeks, got out and promptly relapsed. I was drunk for two weeks, before I sobered up long enough to remember I was supposed to go to outpatient. I volunteered myself, thank you Obamacare, into outpatientRead MoreDr. X And Its Effects On Society1621 Words   |  7 Pagesher husband and family. They are like her second set of eyes. Recovery Model SAMHSA has established a working definition of recovery that defines recovery as a process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live self-directed lives, and strive to reach their full potential. Recovery is built on access to evidence-based clinical treatment and recovery support services for all populations. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is the agencyRead MoreBehavior Therapy Is A Psychological Approach1241 Words   |  5 Pagesjust to name a few Substance abuse, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and Anxiety disorders. The goal of behavior therapy are to increase personal choice and to generate new conditioned. By awarded good behavior and changing negative behavior. However, Cognitive therapy focuses primarily on the emotional state and thoughts that lead to certain behaviors, while behavioral therapy deals with changing and eliminating those unwanted behaviors. However, some therapists practice a type of psychotherapyRead MoreThe Group Rules And Norms978 Words   |  4 Pagesmediation techniques, which include trigger points, mindfulness, and deep breathing techniques. Nutrition: Foods and substances that cause stress, anxiety, and depression: Clients will learn about pseudostressors hidden in foods and legal drugs that cause anxiety, depression, and contribute to negative mental health symptoms. Will distribute handouts with lists of pseudostressors . Holistic: Benefits of exercise, nutrition, and meditation/mindfulness. Clients will learn about the benefits of exercise

Just-in-Time Production and Total Quality Management Free Essays

string(92) " of the changes were as simple as standardizing the hole sizes used to hang parts on hooks\." JUST-IN-TIME Production and TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Introduction In today’s competitive world shorter product life cycles, customers rapid demands and quickly changing business environment is putting lot of pressures on manufacturers for quicker response and shorter cycle times. Now the manufacturers put pressures on their suppliers. One way to ensure quick turnaround is by holding inventory, but inventory costs can easily become prohibitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Just-in-Time Production and Total Quality Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now A wiser approach is to make your production agile, able to adapt to changing customer demands. This can only be done by JUST IN TIME (JIT) philosophy. JIT is both a philosophy and collection of management methods and techniques used to eliminate waste (particularly inventory). Waste results from any activity that adds cost without adding value, such as moving and storing. Just-in-time (JIT) is a management philosophy that strives to eliminate sources of such manufacturing waste by producing the right part in the right place at the right time. Features JIT (also known as lean production or stockless production) should improve profits and return on investment by reducing inventory levels (increasing the inventory turnover rate), reducing variability, improving product quality, reducing production and delivery lead times, and reducing other costs (such as those associated with machine setup and equipment breakdown). The basic elements of JIT manufacturing are people involvement, plants, and system. People involvement deal with maintaining a good support and agreement with the people involved in the production. This is not only to reduce the time and effort of implementation of JIT, but also to minimize the chance of creating implementation problems. The plant itself also has certain requirements that are needed to implement the JIT, and those are plant layout, demand pull production, Kanban, self-inspection, and continuous improvement. The plant layout mainly focuses on maximizing working flexibility. It requires the use of multi-function workers†. Demand pull production is where you produce when the order is received. This allows for better management of quantity and time more appropriately. Kanban is a Japanese term for card or tag. This is where special inventory and process information are written on the card. This helps in tying and linking the process more efficiently. Self-inspection is where the workers on the line inspect products as they move along, this helps in catching mistakes immediately. Lastly continuous improvement which is the most important concept of the JIT system. This simply asks the organization to improve its productivity, service, operation, and customer service in an on-going basis. In a JIT system, underutilized (excess) capacity is used instead of buffer inventories to hedge against problems that may arise. The target of JIT is to speed up customer response while minimizing inventories at the same time. Inventories help to response quickly to changing customer demands, but inevitably cost money and increase the needed working capital. JIT requires precision, as the right parts must arrive â€Å"just-in-time† at the right position (work station at the assembly line). It is used primarily for high-vPolume repetitive flow manufacturing processes. History The technique was first used by the Ford Motor Company as described explicitly by Henry Ford’s My Life and Work (1922): â€Å"We have found in buying materials that it is not worth while to buy for other than immediate needs. † They bought only enough to fit into the plan of production, taking into consideration the state of transportation at the time. If transportation were perfect and an even flow of materials could be assured, it would not be necessary to carry any stock whatsoever. The carloads of raw materials would arrive on schedule and in the planned order and amounts, and go from the railway cars into production. That would save a great deal of money, for it would give a very rapid turnover and thus decrease the amount of money tied up in materials. With bad transportation one has to carry larger stocks. They followed the concept of â€Å"dock to factory floor† in which incoming materials are not even stored or warehoused before going into production. This paragraph also shows the need for an effective freight management system (FMS) and Ford’s Today and Tomorrow (1926) describes one. The technique was subsequently adopted and publicised by Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan as part of its Toyota Production System (TPS). Japanese corporations could afford large amounts of land to warehouse finished products and parts. Before the 1950s, this was thought to be a disadvantage because it reduced the economic lot size. (An economic lot size is the number of identical products that should be produced, given the cost of changing the production process over to another product. ) The undesirable result was poor return on investment for a factory. Also at that time, Japanese companies had a bad reputation as far as quality of manufacturing and car manufacturing in particular was concerned. One motivated reason for developing JIT and some other better production techniques was that after World War II, Japanese people had a very strong incentive to develop a good manufacturing technique which would help them rebuild their economy. They also had a strong working ethic which was concentrated on work rather than on leisure, and this kind of motivation was what drove Japanese economy to succeed. Therefore Japan’s wish to improve the quality of its production led to the worldwide launch of JIT method of inventory Toyota Motors The basic elements of JIT were developed by Toyota in the 1950’s, and became known as the Toyota Production System (TPS). The chief engineer Taiichi Ohno, a former shop manager and eventually vice president of Toyota Motor Company at Toyota in the 1950s examined accounting assumptions and realized that another method was possible. The factory could be made more flexible, reducing the overhead costs of retooling and reducing the economic lot size to the available warehouse space. Over a period of several years, Toyota engineers redesigned car models for commonality of tooling for such production processes as paint-spraying and welding. Toyota was one of the first to apply flexible robotic systems for these tasks. Some of the changes were as simple as standardizing the hole sizes used to hang parts on hooks. You read "Just-in-Time Production and Total Quality Management" in category "Management" The number and types of fasteners were reduced in order to standardize assembly steps and tools. In some cases, identical subassemblies could be used in several models. Toyota engineers then determined that the remaining critical bottleneck in the retooling process was the time required to change the stamping dies used for body parts. These were adjusted by hand, using crowbars and wrenches. It sometimes took as long as several days to install a large (multiton) die set and adjust it for acceptable quality. Further, these were usually installed one at a time by a team of experts, so that the line was down for several weeks. Toyota implemented a program called Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED). With very simple fixtures, measurements were substituted for adjustments. Almost immediately, die change times fell to about half an hour. At the same time, quality of the stampings became controlled by a written recipe, reducing the skill required for the change. Analysis showed that the remaining time was used to search for hand tools and move dies. Procedural changes (such as moving the new die in place with the line in operation) and dedicated tool-racks reduced the die-change times to as little as 40 seconds. Dies were changed in a ripple through the factory as a new product began flowing. After SMED, economic lot sizes fell to as little as one vehicle in some Toyota plants. Carrying the process into parts-storage made it possible to store as little as one part in each assembly station. When a part disappeared, that was used as a signal to produce or order a replacement. JIT was firmly in place in numerous Japanese plants by the early 1970’s. JIT began to be adopted in the U. S. in the 1980’s. Requirements JIT applies primarily to repetitive manufacturing processes in which the same products and components are produced over and over again For Example Cars, Fast Food Chains The requirements for a proper just-in-time management are: STANDARDIZATION: Where the supplies are standardized and the suppliers are trustable and close to the plant. As there is little buffer inventory between the workstations, so the quality must be high and efforts are made to prevent machine breakdowns. Those organizations that need to respond to customer demands regularly this system is also being able to respond to changes in customer demands. SOFTWARE: For JIT to work efficiently Supply Chain Planning software, companies have in the mean time extended Just-in-time manufacturing externally, by demanding from their suppliers to deliver inventory to the factory only when it’s needed for assembly, making JIT manufacturing, ordering and delivery processes even speedier, more flexible and more efficient. MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY In JIT workers are multifunctional and are required to perform different tasks. Machines are also multifunction and are arranged in small U-shaped work cells that enable parts to processed in a continuous flow through the cell. Workers produce pars one at a time within cells and transport those parts between cells in small lots. CLEANLINESS Environment is kept clean and free of waste so that any unusual occurrence are visible. SCHEDULES: Schedules are prepared only for the final assembly line, in which several different models are assembled at the same line. Requirements for the component parts and subassemblies are then pulled through the system. The â€Å"PULL† element of JIT will not work unless production is uniform and lot sizes are low. Pull system is also used to order material from suppliers (fewer in numbers usually). They make be requested to make multiple deliveries of the same item in the same day, so the manufacturing system must be flexible. QUALITY: Quality within JIT manufacturing is necessary, because without a quality program in JIT, the JIT will fail. Here we think about quality at the source and the Plan, Do, Check, Action with its statistical process control. Furthermore, techniques are also very important. The JIT technique is a pull system rather than a pull system, based on not producing things until they are needed. The well known Kanban card is used as a signal to produce. Moreover, integration also plays a key role in JIT systems. JIT integration can be found in four points of the manufacturing firm. The Accounting side, Engineering side, Customer side and Supplier side. At the accounting side, JIT has concern for WIP, utilization and overhead allocation and at the engineering side of JIT focuses on simultaneously and participative design of products and processes. Just-In-Time Total Quality Management Just-In-Time Total Quality Management is the mean of market and factory management within a humanistic environment of continuing improvement. Moreover, it means continuing improvement in social life, and working life. When applied to the factory, Kaizen means continual improvement involving managers and workers alike. When it comes to Total Quality Management, Japans strong industrial reputation is well-known around the world. Total quality control is the system, which Japan has developed to implement Kaizen or continuous improvement. The traditional description of Just-In-Time is a system for manufacturing and supplying goods that are needed. There are several important tools that are important for total quality management control, but there are seven that are even more important. These are relations diagram, affinity diagram, systematic diagram or tree diagram, matrix diagram, matrix data analysis, process decision program chart, and arrow diagram. When used properly, these seven tools will help the total quality management system by eliminating defective products. Moreover, they will help in assisting to improve productivity, complete tasks on time, eliminate waste, and reduce lead time and inventory cost. Pros and Cons of Just-in-Time Pros of Just-In-Time: Goals of JIT can vary, but there are a few that should be constant in any JIT system:   1. Increasing the organization’s ability to compete with others and remain competitive over the long run is very important. 2. The competitiveness of the firms is increased by the use of JIT manufacturing process as they can develop a more optimal process for their firms. . The key is to identify and respond to consumers needs. Customers’ needs and wants should be the most important focus for business today. This objective will help the firm on what is demanded from customers, and what is required of production. 4. Moreover, the optimal quality and cost relationship is also important. The organization should focus on zero-defect production process. Although it seems to be unrealistic in t he long run, it will eliminate a huge amount of resources and effort in inspecting, and reworking defected goods. 5. Another important goal should be to develop a reliable relationship between the suppliers. A good and long-term relationship between an organization and its suppliers helps to manage a more efficient process in inventory management, material management, and delivery system. It will also assure that the supply is stable and available when needed. 6. Moreover, adopt the idea of continuous improvement. If committed to a long-term continuous improvement idea, it will help the organization to remain competitive in the future. Cons of Just-In-Time: Regardless of the great benefits of JIT, it has its limitations: 1. For example cultural differences. The organizations cultures vary from firm to firm. There are some cultures that tie to JIT’s success, but it is difficult for an organization to change its cultures within a short time. 2. Also manufacturers that use the traditional approach which relies on storing up large amounts of inventory for backing up during bad times may have problems with getting use to the JIT system. 3. Also JIT is quite different for workers, in the sense that due to the shorter cycle time, lots of pressure and stress is added on the workers. 4. Also the JIT system throws workers off in the sense that if a problem occurs, they cannot use their own method of fixing the problem, but use methods that have been previously defined. 5. Moreover, the JIT system only works best for medium to high range of production volume manufacturers, thus leaving a question to whether it might work for low volume companies. Case in which JIT has failed Just in Time production allows companies to reduce both inventory and the entire production chain. It encourages the removal of all surplus, including surplus factories. Under normal business conditions this is not a problem. However, if there is any disruption at any given point in the supply chain, then all production grinds to a halt. Evidence of the problem with Just in Time production became clear in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, both of which hit the US Gulf coast in 2005. At that time, no new oil refineries had been built in the US since 1976. During that time period, companies actually shut down several refineries to reduce capacity. The old refineries still operating ran at full capacity, so no new refineries were needed according to Just in Time theory since they would only produce surplus gasoline. However, most of these refineries were clustered around the Gulf coast. When the Katrina hit, 15 oil refineries in Mississippi and Louisiana representing 20% of US refining capacity was shut down. Rita damaged another 16 refineries in Texas, accounting for 2. 3 million barrels per day of capacity shut down. The lack of surplus in oil refining caused a shock to the United States. Gasoline prices surged. Had companies not shut down refineries in order to reduce capacity according to Just in Time theory, particularly refineries on the west coast, then it is likely that gasoline prices would have remained stable. US regular grade gasoline prices were $2. 154 per gallon on November 28, 2005, down from a spike of $3. 09 on September 19, 2005 in the immediate aftermath of the hurricane Katrina disaster Case-Study The work described  in this case study was undertaken in a young, rapidly expanding company in the financial services sector with no previous experience with Total Quality Management (TQM). The quality project began with a two-day introductory awareness program covering concepts, cases, implementation strategies and imperatives of TQM. The program was conducted for the senior management team of the company. This program used interactive exercises and real life case studies to explain the concepts of TQM and to interest them in committing resources for a demonstration project. Step 1. Define the Problem 1. 1 Selecting the theme: A meeting of the senior management of the company was held. Brainstorming produced a list of around 10 problems. The list was prioritized using the weighted average table, followed by a structured discussion to arrive at a consensus on the two most important themes — customer service and sales productivity. Under the customer service theme, â€Å"Reducing the Turnaround Time from an Insurance Proposal to Policy† was selected as the most obvious and urgent problem. The company was young, and therefore had few claims to process so far. The proposal-to-policy process therefore impacted the greatest number of customers. An appropriate cross functional group was set up to tackle this problem. . 2 Problem = customer desire – current status. Current status: What did the individual group members think the turnaround is currently? As each member began thinking questions came up. â€Å"What type of policies do we address? † Medical policies or non-medical? The latter are take longer because of the medical examination of the client required. â€Å"Between what stages do we con sider turnaround? † Perceptions varied, with each person thinking about the turnaround within their department. The key process stages were mapped: [pic] Several sales branches in different parts of the country sent proposals into the Central Processing Center. After considerable debate it was agreed at first to consider turnaround between entry into the computer system at the Company Sales Branch and dispatch to the customer from the Central Processing Center (CPC). Later the entire cycle could be included. The perception of the length of turnaround by different members of the team was recorded. It was found that on an average Non-Medical Policies took 17 days and Medical Policies  took 35 days. Customer desire: What was the turnaround desired by the customer? Since a customer survey was not available, individual group members were asked to think as customers — imagine they had just given a completed proposal form to a sales agent. When would they expect the policy in hand? From the customer’s point of view they realized that they did not differentiate between medical and non-medical policies. Their perception averaged out six days for the required turnaround. â€Å"Is this the average time or maximum time that you expect? † they were asked. â€Å"Maximum,† they responded. It was clear therefore that the average must be less than six days. The importance of â€Å"variability† had struck home. For 99. 7 percent delivery within the customer limit the metric was defined. Therefore the average customer desire was less than 6 days and the current status was that of 64 days for non-medical policies and for medical policies it was 118 days. Therefore the problem was to reduce the non-medical policies from 64 to 6 days and medical policies from 118 to 6 days. The performance requirement appeared daunting. Therefore the initial target taken in the Mission Sheet (project charter) was to reduce the turnaround by 50 percent — to 32 and 59 days respectively. Step 2. Analysis of the Problem In a session the factors causing large turnaround times from the principles of JIT were explained. These were Input arrival patterns †¢ Waiting times in process. o Batching of work. o Imbalanced processing line. o Too many handovers. o Non-value added activities, etc. †¢ Processing times †¢ Scheduling †¢ Transport times †¢ Deployment of manpower Typically it was found that waiting times constitute the bulk of processing turnaround times. Process Mapping (Value Stream Mapping in Lean) was undertaken. The aggregate results are summarized below: Number of operations 84 Number of handovers 13 In-house processing time (estimated) 126 man-mins. Range of individual stage time 2 to 13 mins. To check this estimate it was decided to collect data — run two policies without waiting and record the time at each stage. The trial results amazed everyone: Policy No. 1 took 100 minutes and Policy No. 2 took 97 minutes. Almost instantly the mindset changed from doubt to desire: â€Å"Why can’t we process every proposal in this way? † Step 3. Generating Ideas In the introductory program of TQM during the JIT session the advantages of flow versus batch processing had been dramatically demonstrated using a simple exercise. Using that background a balanced flow line was designed as follows: 1. Determine the station with the maximum time cycle which cannot be split up by reallocation 8 minutes. 2. Balance the line to make the time taken at each stage equal 8 minutes as far as possible. 3. Reduce the stages and handovers — 13 to 8. 4. Eliminate non-value added activities — transport — make personnel sit next to each other. 5. Agree processing to be done in batch of one proposal. Changing the mindset of the employees so they will accept and welcome change is critical to building a self-sustaining culture of improvement. In this case, the line personnel were involved in a Quality Mindset Program so that they understood the reasons for change and the concepts behind them and are keen to experiment with new methods of working. The line was ready for a test run. Step 4. Testing the Idea Testing in stages is a critical stage. It allows modification of ideas based upon practical experience and equally importantly ensures acceptance of the new methods gradually by the operating personnel. Stage 1: Run five proposals flowing through the system and confirm results. The test produced the following results: Average turnaround time: 1 day In-house processing time: 76 mins. There was jubilation in the team. The productivity had increased by 24 percent. Stage 2:  It was agreed to run the new system for five days — and compute the average turnaround to measure the improvement. It was agreed that only in-house processing was covered at this stage and that the test would involve all policies at the CPC but only one branch as a model. This model, once proved, could be replicated at other branches. The test results showed a significant reduction in turnaround: 1. For all non-medical policies from 64 to 42 days or 34% 2. For policies of the model branch from 64 to 27 days of 60% The Mission Sheet goal of 50 percent reduction had been bettered for the combined model branch and CPC. Further analysis of the data revealed other measures which could reduce the turnaround further. Overall reduction reached an amazing 75 percent. Turnaround, which had been pegged at 64 days, was now happening at 99. 7 percent on-time delivery in 15 days. Step 5. Implementing the Ideas Regular operations with the new system was planned to commence. However, two weeks later it was still not implemented. One of the personnel on the line n CPC had been released by his department for the five-day trial to sit on the line but was not released on a regular basis. The departmental head had not attended the TQM awareness program and therefore did not understand why this change was required. There were two options — mandate the change or change the mindset to accept the change. Since the latter option produces a robust impleme ntation that will not break down under pressures it was agreed that the group would summarize TQM, the journey and the results obtained in the project so far and also simulate the process with a simple exercise in front of the department head. This session was highly successful and led to the release of the person concerned on a regular basis. Step 6. Follow-up †¢ The process was run for one month with regular checks. The results obtained were marginally better and average time reduced to 11 days. †¢ Customer reaction: Sales management and sales agents (internal customers) clearly noticed the difference. For instance one sales manager reported that a customer had received a policy within a week of giving a proposal and was so amazed that he said, â€Å"If you give such service I will give you the next policy also! †¢ Adoption of a similar process at the CPC and the model branch for medical policies has already reduced the average turnaround time by 70 percent — from 118 days to 37 days. The corresponding all-India reduction was from 118 days to 71 days — a 60 percent reduction. †¢ The project objective of 50 percent in the first stage has been achieved. A quality improvement story was com piled by the project Leader for training and motivating all employees. How to cite Just-in-Time Production and Total Quality Management, Essays

Used Methodology For Project Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Used Methodology For Project Management? Answer: Introduction The Project Management is considered as a critical task among the industries and especially in the Information Technology related companies in which more number of projects are in progress. There are many methodologies to manage the projects. In this assignment, PRINCE2 methodology is taken for the analysis. PRINCE2 stands for PRoject In Controlled Environment. This method is developed by the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency. Now it has become a very commonly used methodology for the project management. Seven processes are carried over by this methodology for managing a project. This methodology is the procedure based methodology that follows a defined structure. The roles and responsibilities of the members involved in the project is defined clearly in this methodology. The documentation that stores all the stages of the project is very clear. It also make sure the improvements that can be made for an organization. It is going to be discussed whether the management met hodology is a management level activity. This methodology is being explained with an implementation plan. The benefits and issues that are included in this methodology is included in this essay and finally considering the issues of the PRINCE2 method the measures for resolving the difficulties are going to be addressed. The usage of this method is beneficial to the organization in many ways. So all big companies and the departments in the Government are adopting this methodology. Project management methodology Project management methodology called PRINCE2 is used for project management effectively (Kerzner, 2014). PRINCE2 is a process-based technique for management of projects (Projects IN Controlled Environments). It has founded in UK, the standard name is de facto which is used extensively by UK state (Bentley, 2013). It has begun to identify and used regularly in private department in UK, this PRINCE2 methodology is located in public sector that offering practice guidance of non-proprietorially for project management and it is begin develop globally. PRINCE 2 offers scalable and custom-made method for the purpose of managing all kind of projects. Unpredictability and modification are the essential cause that locate the PRINCE2 method adoption by the group (Agile Project Management, 2013). There are usually many modification during the project stage, people mind change, and changes in requirements (Harris and Harris, 2010). These will induce what the project is doing. PRINCE2 has a method of managing the way induce impact on the process of project in order to protect the project leads in the wrong path. The most of the organizations wish to implement PRINCE2 for their preferred methodology for project management initiate with proper training. Training is an essential as it is a difficult structure with many intersection and processes (Lawton, n.d.). The training will offers for everyone with the specialization of knowledge where they require to maintain a project with perceptive of the language used (Bently, 2012). It is well adaptable method and it can be useful for all kind of projects, there is no matter how the project is big or small If implement the methodology of PRINCE2, an organization may require help, for example: It is the initial stage PRINCE2 method will utilized within the team or group. PRINCE2 has already implemented to the team but benefits in business case are not completely achieved. Practicing the program, project and portfolio management maturity model, business wish to make sure they are compliant of PRINCE2 The business is willing to gain a recognized authorization for its processes of project management. To implementing the method called PRINCE2 the technique can be considered as a project, which has been finished by many team (Harrin and Peplow, 2012). Where, PRINCE2 business coach is an alternative approach. The main aim of coaching or mentoring is to make sure the development of PRINCE2 method that observe during the stage of training. Therefore, that complete skills transference can be import into the workplace. Figure1 represents the project management methodology which is in appendix A. Implementation plan Project management methodology called PRINCE2 is used for project management effectively. It help to work out with people who presumed to be involve during their role, a project with their responsibilities (Roudias, 2015). PRINCE2 method is depends upon a group of processes to perform from initial stage to end, and it clearly exposed the type of data need to be collected. Moreover, The PRINCE2 method also known as the authentic standard named as de-facto for project management in UK and it is one of the most developed form of project management system internationally (Institute and Project, 2012). Additionally, the main benefits of PRINCE2 has ridiculous adaptability of organization and it can be hired around complete kind of projects. This kind of habit will be redirected to towards the peak of detail and formality (Haugan, 2011). As an outcome, providing the impression that PRINCE2 has departmental and stuff with the rules and regulations (Hedeman, Fredriksz and Vis van Heemst, 200 9). Likewise, it could lead to inexpert shortcuts has been consider into a projects that can be impose the sincerity and virtue of the PRINCE2 methodology along with the maintenance and management of risk it provided. Figure 2 shows the corresponding implementation plan which is in Appendix A. Usually, there are six variables included in any kind of project so six aspects of project performance have to be compromise with this: Costs Timescales Scope Quality Risk Benefits The project cost The project has to get in proper and affordable amount. It may initiate with a appropriate budget in memory; there are number cause which can lead to dept explosion and the different kind of chances to minimize the price. Timescale Combined to this, and perhaps the further most-frequent question inquire from a project managers is When it will be finished? frequently projects passed from the illustration due to costs failure, scope, quality, and management of risk. Quality Finishing the project on period and also within the budget is not huge encouragement, hypothetically that the project outcome will not work properly. In the expression of PRINCE2, the complete product if project should be suitable for desire of work. Scope: Another main agree question is; precisely what will the convey of the project? And absence of important skill to it. The various clients concerned with a consideration of cross-purposes regarding to this. Range of the scope has extremely complex and smooth as related to other projects during the stage of large-scale projects. There are essential to understanding on the scope of project. Moreover, the use of Project Manager to an accurate knowledge of what should append and what should not available within the project scope. RISK Each and every project consist with the risk, most frequent question asked about this is how much risk is best to accept if we build a residence in near proximity to the field of ignored mine, which may be rely on front of the subsidence. So as far, firstly to protect against it or otherwise prove by surveys have taken appropriately. Issues involved in PRINCE2 Methodology The issues that are enclosed in using the PRINCE2 methodology for managing the project is discussed in this section. The issues that are involved are explained below Change in Mangement The PRINCE2 methodology for managing the project is based on the procedure, so if the customer or client needs any changes in the already provided requirements in the middle of the development, it is not supported in this methodology (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Time Consumption PRINCE2 methodology always do the documentation that is very heavy. So as the documentation is heavy, the time taken to complete a project is high (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Management of the Risk PRINCE2 performs in very poor way to manage the risk in the project, it is not capable of finding the risk involved in the project at the early stage. Even though if the risk is identified, The methodology does not provide any measures how the issues are solved in the projects and it does not provide the information about the decisions made in the projects. Managing the risk is the process that has to be performed in every step of the project until the deliverable gets ready, requires to identify the risk and to proceed some other way for resolving the risk (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Aspects of the Specialist In some projects, it is required to carry over the part of the project that is performed technically. PRINCE2 does not support the carryout process of the technical part of the project. The activity aspects that are not in the PRINCE2 methodology are Models of Engineering, Lifecycle of the project etc (UKEssays, 2017). Superior Capability When considering the capability of the superior, the PRINCE2 method does not specify the skills of the leadership, encouragement skills and the skills that are interpersonal. But specifying this types of the skills is very significant in a project. The PRINCE2 methodology do not consider about the effect of one product of the organization in other products that are being produced in that organization (Kerzner, 2014). Requirement Specification The PRINCE2 methodology does not consider the requirements of the project which is the major task involved in the project. If the requirements goes wrong, the entire project will go wrong. So considering the requirements is not supported in this PRINCE2 methodology. If the developer does not consider the requirements, it makes the impact in the entire project which the client will not accept the project and it may lead to waste of time and money (Kerzner, 2014). Resolving the difficulties of the methodology PRINCE2 methodology is the method that is widely used in industries and it is a standard for the government of United Kingdom. The difficulties involved in this methodology needs to be resolved. The first and foremost thing to resolve an issue, is that the issue should be taken to the Project Manager's knowledge. The Project manager should take the issue into account and he must acknowledge the issues and the reasons that causes the issues (PRINCE2 Blog, 2017). Make sure that the efficient persons who have experience, potential and awareness are apponied in the posts of executive, superior roles and the senior roles of the user. The number of persons included in the project board should not be more than 5. If there is a necessity, make an arrangement for a workshop to make clarity on the objectives and the requirements of the business. If the calrity made on the objectives and requirements are not clear to the persons involved in the project, do not think to drop the project. Refer t o the problems that are faced in previous projects and find the resolutions that are used to resolve the issues in the old projects. Assure that the assumptions, estimations that are involved in the plans of PRINCE2 is in right way. Make assurance that the client and the key stakeholders of the project understood the requirements of the project clearly. Make a double check in the approaches used for the projects involves the options like "do nothing", "do minimum" and "do anything" (PRINCE2 Primer - Mastering PRINCE2 Project Management, 2017). The risks involved in the previous project should be addressed once so that it will not be repeated in the project that is in progress. The 7 processes that are involved in the PRINCE2 methodology should be addressed carefully in a step by step approach. The roles and responsibilities of each person who are involved in the project should be clear and they should work according to their role. The Project should be divided into different stages and each stage has to be addressed by separate teams so that the persons will not get confused of the progress. These are the measures that can be taken for implementing the project successfully (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Benefits of the PRINCE2 methodology The PRINCE2 methodology consists of more number of benefits. Nowadays, large projects in the field of Information Technology and the departments of the Government followed this methodology because of its advantages. The office of the government commerce in the year of 2007 has adopted this methodology because of its beneficial principles and themes (Jamali and Oveisi, 2016). Reliability In the PRINCE2 methodology, the project is being divide into different stages in which the project management is made easy. This separation of stages hepls the teams of the project to make the deliverable on time. The stages should be used compulsorily in this methodology. The number of persons required for the projects is not fixed, it gets varied according to the requirements of the project and depends on the management. There are 2 stages in this methodology which are Technical stages and Management stages. The technical stage is considered as a skill for the specialist whereas the stage of management is regarding the resource allocation and the authorities who spend on projects (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Cooperation The major benefit is the cooperation among the team members of the project. This methodology makes a healthier relationship between the team members of the project. Communication among the members of the project is in good way. So the persons can reveal their suggestions or decisions in the meetings and reports of the project. This makes the individuals in the project to identify each and every roles clearly (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Appropriate Documentation As the PRINCE2 methodology is based on the procedure, the details of the stages that are included in the project is documented in an appropriate way. So the teams work easily by refering the documents (Pawar and Mahajan, 2017). Concentration on Deliverable A project may get success, by the deliverables not by the activities involved in it. The PRINCE2 methodology focuses on the deliverables regarding their quality and appropriateness. The on-time delivery, and the standard of the deliverable leads to the satisfaction among the customers (AXELOS, 2017). Exception Management The Board that is being appointed for the project manages the exception not for every encountered exception but only when the issue reaches the maximum extent and this is very significant use of the senior management team (AXELOS, 2017). Establishment of the Project Support Project Support office is established in the management techniques of the PRINCE2. In many companies, informing the teams about the project, organizing meetings, update plans of the project and keeping files are usually managed by the Project manager who is already under a pressure for many other projects. So the PRINCE2 methodology provides a project support team who keeps track of all those activities that need not to be carried over by the manager of the project (Prince2.com, 2017). Conclusion The research of PRINCE2 method offered achieving outcome for the study the project management implementation revealed that PM was necessity for human since traditional histories when they begin analyzing and construct huge projects. This methodology also promoted that the trend to adopt stuff instantly. Since it is expanding over the world very quickly. Prince2 method depends on splitting the project into smoothly manageable and maintainable level, which can help to increase the adaptability of PRINCE2 greatly. The key achievement of PRINCE2 is to remind where adaptability. Moreover, it will be tailor-made for all kind of project blind of companies and retail place. Implementation of PRINCE2 is more efficient than offering employee with training. Therefore, it is all about founding best practice of project management into the working environment and also performing organizational advantages throughout the enhanced project guidance. References Agile Project Management. (2013). [S.l.]: J. Wiley Sons.9 AXELOS. (2017).Key Benefits of PRINCE2 | PRINCE2 | AXELOS. [online] Available at: https://www.axelos.com/best-practice-solutions/prince2/key-benefits-of-prince2 [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Bentley, C. (2013).The Concise PRINCE2. Ely: IT Governance Publishing. Bently, C. (2012).PRINCE2. Colin Bently. Brighthub Project Management. (2017).What Are Project Controls Best Practices?. [online] Available at: https://www.brighthubpm.com/monitoring-projects/104317-project-controls-best-practices-and-methods/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Critical Evaluation of Prince2 and Agile Project Management Methodologies for a complex project. (2016).International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science. Finance. (2017).Implementation, management, monitoring benefits management | Department of Finance. [online] Available at: https://www.finance-ni.gov.uk/articles/implementation-management-monitoring-benefits-management [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Harrin, E. and Peplow, P. (2012).Customer-centric project management. Farnham: Gower. Harris, P. and Harris, P. (2010).PRINCE2 2009 planning and control using Microsoft Project 2010. Victoria, Australia: Eastwood Harris Pty. Ltd. Haugan, G. (2011).Project management fundamentals. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts. Hedeman, B., Fredriksz, H. and Vis van Heemst, G. (2009).Project management based on Prince2. [Zaltbommel]: Van Haren Publishing. Institute, P. and Project, M. (2012).A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)-Fifth Edition (ENGLISH). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. Jamali, G. and Oveisi, M. (2016). A Study on Project Management Based on PMBOK and PRINCE2.Modern Applied Science, 10(6), p.142. Kerzner, H. (2014).Project management best practices. Hoboken: Wiley. Kruger, W. and Rudman, R. (2013). Strategic Alignment Of Application Software Packages And Business Processes Using PRINCE2.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER), 12(10), p.1239. Lawton, I. (n.d.).Prince2 made simple. Lianying, Z., Jing, H. and Xinxing, Z. (2012). The Project Management Maturity Model and Application Based on PRINCE2.Procedia Engineering, 29, pp.3691-3697. Monnot, -. (2013). Personalizzare il met odo PRINCE2 all'interno di un ambiente di Progetto.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (15), pp.45-46. Pawar, R. and Mahajan, K. (2017). Benefits and Issues in Managing Project by PRINCE2 Methodology.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 7(3), pp.190-195. Prince2.com. (2017).PRINCE2 Methodology | PRINCE2.com | UK. [online] Available at: https://www.prince2.com/uk/prince2-methodology [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. PRINCE2 Blog. (2017).Resolving Conflict For Project Managers - PRINCE2 Blog. [online] Available at: https://www.prince2.com/blog/resolving-conflict-for-project-managers/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. PRINCE2 Primer - Mastering PRINCE2 Project Management. (2017).PRINCE2 Primer. [online] Available at: https://www.prince2primer.com/project-problems-and-how-prince2-will-fix-them/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Roudias, J. (2015).Mastering principles and practices in PMBOK, PRINCE2, and Scrum. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education/FT Press. Saleh Al-Freidi, S. (2015). A Unified Project Management Methodology (UPMM) based on PMBOK and PRINCE2 protocols: foundations, principles, structures and benefits of the integrated approach.International Journal of Business Policy and Strategy Management, 2(1), pp.27-38. UKEssays. (2017).Issues in managing projects using prince2 methodologies. [online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/project-management/issues-in-managing-projects-using-prince2-project-management-essay.php [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. www.tutorialspoint.com. (2017).PRINCE2 Project Methodology. [online] Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/prince2_project_methodology.htm [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017].

Ineffective Leader free essay sample

Everyone has had a leader that they thought was ineffective, but do they know what makes a leader effective? There are many qualities that go into making a good leader, and not all leaders will have every trait. There is no one right way to lead. There are many effective styles of leading, but there is a wrong way to lead. By using an example of a bad leader, the traits of an good leader will emerge. Leadership is much more than individuals and their decisions and acts. Leadership as a quality may be more innate than acquired, but some qualities and characteristics can be identified and consciously brought to bear in difficult and complex situations. I worked with a manager that was great at the operational side of the business but he was not an effective leader. He felt that everyone should be treated the same and expected the same productivity and accuracy out of each employee. The drive that he placed on meeting the operational objectives with disregard for the human culture only backfired. Instead of getting better results they worsened. Morale became an issue, as well as, absences, stress related illnesses and conflicts between co-workers. I believe these were all a result from the manager’s ineffective leadership skills. When looking at leaders it is important to remember that they come from different backgrounds. Some leaders have authority based on their expertise, which is a function of their skills, knowledge and ability. Leaders with high levels of competence are valuable to their company, particularly if they share their knowledge and skills with others. They are very knowledgeable about their work unit, technical processes or organizational goals and objectives. They are usually labeled technical experts and may have such credentials as advanced degrees or professional certifications. They have a consistent pattern of knowing what to do at a given time. As a result, they exert much influence over others. Some of these leaders bring this authority with them at the time of production. In other cases it is developed on the job through years of repeated successes (Weiss, 1994). The personality of good leaders can be very different. Some are subdued and analytical; others are more outgoing. Different situations can call for different leaders. Different people also respond to diverse types of leadership (Goleman, 2004). Even though leaders may have differences, one thing they mostly have in common is emotional intelligence. It is not that high IQ’s and great skills don’t matter, more it is that they add to qualities of a good leader (Goleman, 2004). Part of emotional intelligence is having self-awareness. People that are self-aware understand how feelings can effect them. This type of person knows what frustrates them, and can deal with it in a way that will not upset anyone. By being self-aware, a leader can make judgement calls on their, and other’s, abilities. They understand how the people are feeling (Goleman, 2004). If my manager would have been more self-aware, he would have understood that pushing many people can cause them to pull back, instead of doing better. A trait of an effective leader is to be tough but fair when dealing with people. Being tough means to be firm, not overbearing. Toughness will help people know what the rules are and that they have to be followed. An effective leader treats everyone the same or fairly. When they do this, people know what to expect and what is expected of them. It is also important for people to have room to do their jobs (Knight Dyer, 2005). Two important traits of a leader are listening and communication. Leaders should listen to learn about others and about what is going on in the business. After a leader listens, they are able to communicate more effectively. The leader says what they feel and not just what policy dictates (Gitomer, 2004). Even a great strategy cannot be fully effective unless it is communicated to other in a way that they understand and support. My manager never seemed to make any decisions unless they were by the book, and he seemed to communicate in the same way, he really had no ideas that were his. A good leader understands that there is more to supervising than just assigning work. To become a leader, one needs to understand that people need to be understood and be communicated with in a clear manner. To earn respect it is important to talk to people enough that they feel there is a bond, or common interests. However, showing respect doesnt always result in favors being done for you in return. Nothing in life always works the way a leader wants it to. One way to help to get things working right is to ask for people’s advice or opinion to show that the leader is aware of their expertise in a given field. Weiss, 1994). Setting and demanding high standards is a trait that leaders must have. These standards are not just for the people being lead, but also for the leader. If the leader does not try to achieve these standards they can not expect others to. By living up to these standards other people will not want to let them down (Knight Dyer, 2005). Vision is important for an effective leader. They have the ability to know where they want things to go, and how to get there. Without vision a leader had nothing, they are wondering around blind. Ideas are what get people going and get them to join in the work. To provide good vision a leader must show how the idea is going to work, and give it its own life (Goleman, 2004). My manager had no ideas of his own, they only things that happened were what he was told to do. Humility is a quality that can make an effective leader. It is not arrogance that makes people follow, as many people may think, but humility. A person that is humble knows that everyone, including themselves, has strengths and weaknesses. They will play to their strengths and try to minimize their weaknesses. By doing this for themselves, humble leaders understand that all people need this to be productive (Walsh, 2004). My manager did not do this, if he would have realized that people need to be treated differently and not the same, our office would have ran much smoother. A trait that almost every good leader has is the ability to motivate. They want everyone to achieve beyond expectations. The leader will be motivated, not by money, but by passion for what they doing, and to do a great job. A leader is also motivated to make sure everyone does a good job and participates. These leaders are optimistic, which motivates others to think more positively. They have social skills, trust and focus on results. It includes providing awareness that balance the merit of the individual with the needs and stability of the group (Goleman, 2004). A personal ability that is important for leaders is to have good social skills. This is not just being friendly, it is friendliness with a purpose. Leaders can motivate people in the direction they wish to go. Social skills allow a leader to find common ground with most people. The common ground helps get people to agree. These leaders have a network of people that can help them get a task finished (Goleman, 2004). My ineffective leader did not seem to have the social skills need to get everything done. He never took the time to get to know everyone, which in turn made many people not seem to care much about what he wanted done. To be an effective leader one must be committed to success. They will know that a task needs to be completed, and will stay until it is finished. The perseverance of getting things done is contagious, because everyone wants to be on a team that does well. A leader will make a daily commitment to redirection (Knight Dyer, 2005). A successful leader also needs to possess empathy. This does not mean to take on how everyone feels. Empathy in the business world means that they understand how people are feeling and why. By using empathy, a leader is able to make decisions that everyone can go along with, and be okay with (Goleman, 2004). Finally, it is very important to remember that before a person can take any action to lead their followers, they must be able to recognize approximately where their followers are in the developmental cycle. To do this, he or she must watch closely the actions of his or her followers and determine to what degree their actions are being influenced dominantly by either confidence or competence. Once the leader knows the point of confidence vs. competence in his or her followers, he or she will know which factor to build on. When the leader feels they have successfully motivated their followers to be both very confident and competent, and that the followers are ready and have the responsibility to lead themselves to their goal, then they know that at that point, the followers are ready to accept some leadership themselves. Once the followers are ready for some leadership of their own, the next problem at hand becomes how to go about empowering them with the leadership responsibilities (Knight Dyer, 2005). Needless to say, the leader cannot simply step away and allow the responsibility to dump onto the followers; surely if that happened, they would quickly lose confidence and possibly competence too. Instead, the leadership and responsibility of the followers should be increased gradually as they are steadily empowered, and at a rate that depends on how well the newly gained leadership is handled. At all times though, the leader must be prepared to guide or even realign the direction the newly independent followers take (Goleman, 2004). The leader must also realize the risk of failure in the complete empowerment of his or her followers, as starting over completely is hardly possible. Were that to occur, the subject would near definitely experience a severe loss of confidence as a major consequence to a premature empowerment situation. And lastly, if a leader is completely successful in empowering his or her subjects and has sent them well off on their way to their ultimate goal, the leader must realize that he/she has completed his or her own (Walsh, 2004). Effective leaders create a spirit of performance by doing the right thing and getting the right things done. They possess integrity of character, possess a vision for the purpose, and focus primarily outwardly, on opportunities to achieve satisfaction and meet goals. They pay special attention to people decisions (Maciariello, 2007). If my ineffective manager would have taken more time to understand how to be a leader, the job situation would have been more pleasant. But instead he was just a manager, someone who tells people what to do without caring about the person. The functions of a leader are many and varied. Its hard to say the one theory is better. Each situation, each environment, and each group of people requires a different approach. If a leader is trained to understand that different approaches are needed for different situations, then an leader can succeed. Being a leader is never an easy task, and only a select few have the ability to lead. Not many people can take an organization, a team, or their local neighborhood and get them to work together toward a single goal. They have to be stern but at the same time sympathetic, they have to be able to delegate power without causing uproar. So many things go into being a leader that when everything is said and done, most people shy away from being a leader and feel as though they need to follow. However, that is the difference between a leader and a follower. When crunch time comes, the true leader will stand forward and guide his/her team, organization, or what have to victory.